1. Direct Measurement Systems
British System:
Units:
- Inch
- Foot
- Mile
- Mana (a unit of weight)
- Sher (a unit of weight)
- Savva (a unit of measure)
- Acre
- Guntha (a unit of land measure)
- Khandit (a unit of measure)
- Dozen
Conversions:
- 1 foot equals 12 inches
- 1 dozen equals 12 units
- 1 khandi equals 20 units
- 1 tola equals 10 grams
Metric System:
Units:
- Millimeter
- Centimeter
- Meter
- Kilogram
- Kilometer
Conversions:
- To convert meters to centimeters, multiply by 100
- To convert meters to millimeters, multiply by 1000
![](https://alumni.vigyanashram.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/image-59.webp)
2. Machinery Information
1. Air Compressor Machine
Uses:
- Inflating tires
- Providing pressure for plasma cutters
2. Pipe Cutter Machine
Uses:
- Cutting pipes, angles, rods, and chains
Price: 12,000 INR
3. Movable Pipe Cutter Machine
Uses:
- Cutting pipes, angles, and giving different shapes to metal objects
4. Spot Welding Machine
Uses:
- Joining thin metal sheets together
Price: 70,000 INR
5. Bench Vice Machine
Uses:
- Bending metal objects
3. Questions and Uses
1. Uses of Air Compressor:
- Inflating tires
- Providing pressure for plasma cutters
2. What cuts pipes?
- Pipe cutter machine
![](https://alumni.vigyanashram.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/WhatsApp-Image-2024-06-12-at-9.21.21-PM-576x1024.jpeg)
4. Welding
Purpose: Welding
Materials Needed:
- Arc welding or gas welding machine
- Hand gloves
- Safety shoes
- Goggles
Procedure:
- Wear safety gear before welding.
- Use an arc rod for welding the metal.
- Ensure the metal to be welded is grounded.
- Turn on the machine, set the temperature, and start welding.
Types of Welding:
- Arc Welding
- CO2 Welding
- Spot Welding
- TIG Welding
![](https://alumni.vigyanashram.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/WhatsApp-Image-2024-06-12-at-9.21.21-PM-2-576x1024.jpeg)
5. Lathe Machine
Purpose: To create jobs, perform threading, cutting, and finishing.
Materials: Metal, wood, etc.
Procedure:
- Turn on the lathe machine.
- Move the carriage forward.
- Make close cuts.
- Surface the wood.
- Polish with 60-number sandpaper.
- Make a cut on one side.
- Turn off the machine after the job is done.
- Remove the finished job.
6. Power Hacksaw
Purpose: Learning to cut small and large wood, metal, sheets, etc., using the power hacksaw machine.
Materials: Wood, hacksaw blade
Procedure:
- Turn on the power hacksaw machine.
- Securely fit the wood to the working table.
- Start the power hacksaw machine.
- Use the blade to cut.
- Open the vice after cutting.
- Set the wood aside.
Machine Parts: Handwheel, blade, column, cooling pipe, support, machine vice, on/off switch
![](https://alumni.vigyanashram.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/image-129-576x1024.png)
7. RCC Column
Materials: Cement, sand, aggregate, water, pipes, binding wire, etc.
Purpose: To fill columns using pipes with binding wire and cement.
Procedure:
- Clean and oil the pipe.
- Cut rods to 3.3 feet and bend them to 90 degrees at three inches.
- Create circular shapes with seven rods, binding them at one-foot intervals.
- Place the columns in the pipes, fill with concrete, and remove after setting.
8. Painting
Purpose: Learning to paint
Materials: Paint, thinner
Procedure:
- Clean the surface to be painted with sandpaper.
- Fill the spray gun with black paint.
- Apply the paint using the spray gun.
Types of Paint: Distemper, oil paint, acrylic paint
9. Brick Masonry
Purpose: Learning to build structures with bricks
Materials: Bricks, trowel, line rope, plumb bob, hand gloves, shovel, water
Procedure:
- Mix sand and cement in the right proportions.
- Prepare the mortar and bring bricks to the worksite.
- Start the masonry work.
- Consult the supervisor for any difficulties.
- Use approximately 1.5 bags of cement and 27 pails of sand.
10. CO2 Welding
Purpose: Learning and understanding different welding techniques
Materials: Four wheels, pipe on top
Tools: Welding helmet, safety shoes, apron, welding goggles, safety gloves, welding machine, wire unit
Procedure:
- Gather all tools.
- Prepare the table with pipes and sheet metal.
- Cut and weld pieces using the CO2 welding machine.
- Attach five-inch wheels after completing the table.
Definition: CO2 welding is the process of joining two similar or dissimilar metals by heating them to the appropriate temperature and applying pressure.
![](https://alumni.vigyanashram.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/image-131-576x1024.png)
11. Plumbing
Purpose: Plumbing with different sizes of pipes
Tools: Trowel, bucket, ball valve, tap
Materials: PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) pipes, Teflon tape
Pipe Types: Bangdi (threaded) pipes, round pipes, PVC pipes, GI pipes, UPVC pipes
![](https://alumni.vigyanashram.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/image-130-576x1024.png)
12. Foundation Marking
Purpose: Marking and digging holes for poles at specified distances
Materials: Cement, sand, aggregate, water, buckets, ropes, trowel, plumb bob, shovel
Procedure:
- Mark lines with ropes on both sides.
- Ensure the rope lines are at right angles.
- Make the foundation markings with lime.
- Dig holes at specified distances.
- Use appropriate size poles for the foundation.
13. Milling Machine
Materials: Spot drill, end mill, draw bar cutter, reverse bell end cutter, wood router
Purpose: Learning the use of various tools on the milling machine
Procedure:
- Use the towel cutter to surface.
- Secure a five-inch piece of wood on the milling machine table.
- Shape the middle section with an E-shaped tool.
- Change the tool to create a groove.
Tool Names: Slot drill, end mill, ball end cutter, wood router
14. Mobile App
Purpose: Working with materials using a mobile app
Materials: Mobile, bubble level app
Procedure:
- Download the bubble level app on your mobile.
- Use the level and direction tools provided in the app.
![](https://alumni.vigyanashram.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Screenshot_2024-03-17-14-59-45-02_b5a5c5cb02ca09c784c5d88160e2ec24-1-459x1024-1.webp)
![](https://alumni.vigyanashram.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Screenshot_2024-03-17-14-59-08-58_5d7b84a483368a0d7c40bd6b43d3230a-1-459x1024-1.webp)
15. Ferrocement Sheet Making
Purpose: Making ferrocement sheets for tanks
Materials: Sand, cement, mesh, binding wire, paper, trowel
Procedure:
- Cut four rods of 30 cm each.
- Cut a 30 cm rod.
- Cut a 1×1 foot welded mesh.
- Cut a 1×1 foot chicken mesh.
- Join the rods and mesh with binding wire.
- Mix cement and sand in a 1:3 ratio.
- Apply the mixture onto the mesh and level it.
16. FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic)
Purpose: Making sheets for sheds
Materials: Hardener, cobalt, pigment, FRP, glass mat
Procedure:
- Clean the sheet with a cloth.
- Apply wax to prevent sticking.
- Mix resin with hardener and cobalt in a one-liter container.
- Apply the mixture on FRP and let it dry for three hours.
17. Carpentry
17. CNC Wood Router
Definition: A CNC wood router is a computer-controlled machine used for cutting, engraving, and carving wood. It is controlled by computer programming, ensuring precision and repeatability.
Features:
- Accuracy: High precision due to computer control.
- Repeatability: Can replicate the same design multiple times, ideal for mass production.