1. ARTIFICAL RESPIRATION
There are two different method of providing artifical respiration
a) Shaffer method
. Make the victim lie on his stomach one of his hand should be raised up ward kept one hand on the other hand and bend the other hand from the elbow keep the face facing outwards on the hand in such a way that affected person can breath easily through the nose and mouth
b) Sylvester method
. make the victim lie on his back first of all loosen the clothe around his chest and stomach if he is werring false teeth remove them place a pillow under is soulder so that his chest rises up and his head bend backward
2.ELECTRIC RULES
1. Before carrying out any repair work make sure that 0main such is off and the fuse is removed and a work in progress sing should be placed near the fuse
2. Use rubber gloves and rubber slippers or rubber boots while doing electrical work in power enviroment deportment
3. Ensure proper earthing of equipment and electrical board in power enviroment department
4. If there is a fire due to short circuit in the electrical section do not use water and soil should be used
5. Only fuse should be used in fuse
6. The tester should only be used to cheak whether current is flowing not as a scu-driver
7. While working on electricity with proper electrical insulation should be used
8. Do not touch aperson suffering for electric shock
9. Work area should be cleaned before and after use
10. Appropritic set antipyretic should be available in the department its use by date should be cheaked
11. First ais kit should be used after injury
3.WIRE AND CABLE
- What is the difference between a wire and cable
- A wire is a single conductor typically made of copper or aluminum used to carry electrical signal a cable on the other hand is a group of wires hundled together after with insulation and protective covering to transuit electrical signal over longer distance
- Tyes of wire
- Solid wire:- A single solid conductor
- Stranded wire:- A group of thin conductor twisted together
- Flexible :- There are thiner conductor of group in the wire
- Aromored wire
- Armored wire also known as armored cable is a type of electrical wire that has a protective covering typically made of metul or plastic to shield it from excternal damage the ormor provide protection against
- Mechanical damage (eg cut abrasion)
- Environmental factor (eg moisture chemcals)
- Electromagenetic interference (emi)
- Unarmored wire
- Unarmored wire also known as non – armored cable is a type of electrical wire that does not have a protective covering it is more susceptible to damage from external factors such
- Mechanical stere ( eg bending stretching)
- Environmental factors (eg moisture temperature)
- Electromagnetic interference (emi)
4.HOW ARE WIRE GAUGE MEASURED
* 4cm 1.strip the length of insulation
*Count the number of wires in the wire
*Now measure the gauges of any single star straighten the wire if it is bent before measuring the gauge
*Insert the wire through the diffferent holes of the wire gauge
*Now the number in which the wire does not become loose or tight will be the gauge of the wire
Eg:- Suppose there are 7 wires in a wire and the guage of one wire is 20 that wire is 7/20.
Micro meter
*Micro meter is used to measure the signature of the star
*Body shape like U
*The left end has an anvil and the other end has a rattih or drum
*The object whose diameter is to be measured is placed on the anvil
*The sleeve or barrel has a spindle that can be rotated between the spindles
*Onwheel the object is held by the spindle
*The rependle can be fixed by turning the lock at the other end of the micrometer so that the object held between the anvil and the spindle does not move
*The marking are from 0 to 25mm on the sleeve or barrel on the upper side,each degree is equal to a millimeter and is called a degree division
*Each marking cost less than (05)mm with araste nyakh
Measuring wire diameter with a micrometer
*First take the reading of the main division on the barrel by holding the anvil and spindle job of the micrometer .this reading min 1 is in
Eg:- the cost of the seventh line from 0 to 7m .1. will be
*Take the reading of the sub division next to the main divisionb on the board .Each part in this reading costs 0.5m
*Take a reading on the thimbles .In this reading,the cost of one part is 0.01
*Total reading should be obtained by summing all the three readings obtained
Precautions to be taken while using micrometer
*As the spindle is locked while taking readings
*Correct the micrometer before using it
*A zero figure on the cable should mean that
*Add + ve error if showing high price and margin for low price
*- ve coming to the total dinavi price
*+ ve laughs at each other
How to choose the right size wire or cable
*First find out the total load vantage of the installtion
*Then draw the current from the voltage applied to it
Eg:- If voltage is supplied to a load of 6kw single 230 phase
*Current = 6*1000 / 230 = 26amps
Hence from the wire selection chart select a 7/18 wire carrying of 28 amp
5.WIRE AND CABLE COLOR CODE
*AC single phase
Phase wire – Red color
Neutral wire – Black color
Earthing wire – Green color
*DC two wire system
Postive wire – Red color
Neutral wire – Black color
*AC three phase
Phase wire – Red,Yellow and Blue color
Neutral wire – Black color
Earthing wire – Green color
*DC was wire system
Positive wire color – Red color
Negative wire color – Blue color
Neutral wire color – Black color
6.Board wiring
7. Symbols related to electric field
8. Types of joints
- Pig tail or rat tail or twisted joint
- Married joint
- T. joint
- Britannia t joint
- Britannia strait joint
- Western union joint
- Scarfed joint
- Single stranded tap joint
Pig tail / Rent tail / Twisted joint
* It is the simplest and most commonly used joint
*This joint is made at a place where there will be no stress on the conductor
*Although mechanically this joint is not strong it is very good for conducting electricity
Married joint
*Mechanically this joint is not strong
*Good for conducting electricity
T joint
*This joint is used in overhead lines to tap electrical power for service connections
Britannia strait joint
*This joint is used in overhead wiring
*4min.mr. this joint is also used where conductors of diameter meters or more are used
Britannia t joint
*This joint is used to connect service lines to overhead lines at right angles to overhead lines
Western union joint
*This joint is used to increase the length of wire in overhead lines
*This joint has the strength to bear stress
Scarfed joint
*Used to connect large and single conductors
*A tight and good looking joint
* Stress tolerance is low
Plan tap joint
*One end of the wire is wrapped over the other wire
*Most used
*Can be done quickly
*It is firm due to solodering
Aerial tap joint
*Used in place where wires are likely to move
*Not doing soldering
*Used in low current circuits only
*Similar to a plain tap joint but the tape wire can be moved the main wire
Knotted tap joint
*A knot is formed by wrapping the end of one wire over the other wire
*Stress tolerance is high
Duplex cross tap cross
*Used when two wires are to be trapped at the same point
*Can be done quickly
9. Soldering
*What is soldering
Soldering is the act of joining two conductors to be joinit together with the help of another low melting point alloy instead of directly melting them together
*Requirement of soldering
A loose wire joint can cause sparking
By providing joinits the basic mechanical strength opf the conductor is reduced *Soldering on woire joints to avoid this
*What is solder
The alloy used for soldering is called solder
Solder is also known as soldering metal or filler
Usually an alloy of lead and tin is used for soldering
*What is soldering flux
Flux is used to remove dust,dirt and ash from the surface before soldering
If no flux is applied the solder will not stick properly
Using flux helps spread the solder evenly
Due to the flux the temperature of the joints is the same everywhere
Flux causes joints to cool quickly
Using flux does not creat air bubbles in the solder
Flux is availabe as a powder, liquid or solid wax
Different fluxes are used for each task
*Methods of soldering
With an electric soldering iron
By means of a creck
With the help of kadhai and paali
*By means of a creek
The creeks are heated with the help of blow lamps for furnaces
The joint to be soldered is heated and flux is applied to it
Then tinning the notch of the creek
Once the wicks are hot engough the solder melts into the nicks
Soldering is performed by pouring molten solder over the joint
This method is used for joints of stranded conductors
10. Battery
*Invention of battery
The battery was first invented by Alessandro volta in 1800
*There are two types of batteries
1.Dry cell 2.Liquid battery
*Generally there are two types of cells
Primary cell / dry cell
Secondary cell
In that cell, current is generated due to chemical reaction ko
*Different types of power bank
.9 volt multimeter
.AA clock
.AAA remote
.D tourch
.C one
.Ham radio
.Cordless phone
.Camcorder power bank (lying down)
*Dry cell composition
.Outer shell zinc has a negative charge
.There is porous inside which keeps the material separated
.Carbon rod (graphite) in the middle and on the sides
.Ammonium chloride + zinc chloride paste
.A little stretch is added to it, which makes the paste thin and does not come out
*Use in torch, radio tape recorder watch
11.Gray water system
How do greywater recycling systems work?
During the recycling process, greywater from showers, baths and basins is piped directly into a surge tank.
The water is held in this tank briefly before being discharged to a treatment or irrigation system by using a pump, or by using a gravitational system.
12. AC and DC
lead acid batterylead acid widely used batteries battenies are the mostIt was invented in 1859 A physicist Gaston Plante by FrenchThis is the oldest battery among recharge able batteriesA lead-acid one Series or more battery consists of cell connected in For example a 6 cell in series 12 volt battery has Each cell is made positive and negative up of two platesBattery maintenanceIt is important that the level is regular in this battery Due to its emission due to cherical process in endes to maintain that level negularly distilled water available.
Bo Heng Cane
1] As the battery contains liquid it should always be kept upright.
2)In is better the to change and discharg battony regularly.
3) Each cell of the be battery should not discharged bellow 1. 15 volt and should not be over change.
5) A hydrometer should be used to Measure -lyte the density of the electro a lead acid battery. in
6) The battery should always be kept in a that the easily well ventilated place su escaping goes can escape.
13. Hydromarker
Motive:- Checking Batteries Gravity, Learning how do Battery MaintainenceInstruments:- Battery,Hydrometre,CoinSteps:-
1) Firstly check Batteries level.
2) The Battery which has less level add water in that.
3) A battery has 6 cells and contains 12 Watt Battery
4) Within these 6 cells,remove the cap of one cell, and with the help of the Hydrometre measure the density of the batteryWho invented Battery?
In the year 1800s a Scientist named Volta invented the first Battery.Battery Types:-Dry cell:- used in torch, Tape recorder, clock.Rechargeable batteries:- used in
Mobile phones
Lithium ion
Battery
lead acid
14. Diesel engine
Functions of different cannabis:-
1. Cylinder + Piston – Combustion Locking. / Building pressure.
2. Valve – gas inflow – out control.
3. Pump nozzle – fuel spray
4. Wheel – storing kinetic energy
5. Starter Lever – Preventing compression to build up at the start.6. Inlet valve – pulling air in.
15. Biogas system
What is Biogas?
Biogas is Renewable Feul produced by breakdown of organic matter such as food scraps and animal waste.
What sort of Waste can be used to produced Biogas?
A wide variertyof waste material breaks down into biogas, including animal manure, muncipal rubbish or waste, plant material, food waste or Sewage what can be uses be of biogas?
As a replacement of natural gas- if Biogas is cleaned up and upgraded to natural gas standard, its then known as Biomethane and can be used similar way to methane, this can include cooking and heating.
16. Gas Stove
There are to types of gas stove
Rocket gas stove
A rocket stove is an efficient and hot burning stove using small-diameter wood fuel.
Fuel is burned in a simple combustion chamber containing an insulated vertical chimney, which ensures almost complete combustion prior to the flames reaching the cooking surface.
Electric gas stove
The top benefits of an electric stove include: Electric heats more efficiently than gas does, meaning the kitchen will stay cooler when the stove is on.
Electric stoves offer more consistency in temperature, which usually allows for more even cooking.
Both gas and electric ranges have advantages, depending on what and how you cook.
Gas ranges offer more responsive heat control for switching between searing meats or stir-frying veggies, while the dry, even heat of electric range ovens may work better for certain baked goods.
17. Fan Repair
Whether the blades aren’t spinning or the fan is making tons of noise, most issues with an electric fan are caused by poor lubrication or blockages in the vents.
Here’s a comprehensive guide to repairing a fan: Troubleshooting Before you start repairing, identify the problem:
1. Fan not turning on: Check power cord, plug, and circuit breaker.
2. Fan turning slowly: Check for dust accumulation, worn-out bearings, or loose screws.
3. Fan making noise: Check for loose screws, worn-out bearings, or unbalanced blades.
Tools needed – Screwdriver (flathead and Phillips) – Pliers – Wire cutters and strippers – Lubricant (e.g., WD-40 or silicone spray) – Replacement parts (if necessary)
Regularly clean your fan to prevent dust accumulation.
Lubricate moving parts to reduce wear and tear.
Consider replacing your fan if it’s old or damaged beyond repair.
By following these steps, you should be able to repair your fan and get it working efficiently again.
18. Earthing
The need for earthing
Some terms in earthing
Types of earthing
Earthing of equipment
Earth tester
Earth leakage circuit breaker
*What is earthing
The main purpose of earthing is to protect against the hazards of current leakage
Earthing is the special connection of the metal body of the equipment or equipment to the ground in an electrical system
*The need for earthing
For protection against electric shock
To protect the machine and installation from leakage current
To protect large building large electrical equipment and overhead lines from lighting in the sky
To keep voltage constant in three phase system
*Some terms in earthing
Apparatus – All electrical appliances household appliances fitting in which this conductor is used eg:- electric motor fan cooler etc
Bonding – The method of electrically connecting two or more conductors or metal parts together is called bonding
Dead – Earth potential and any living system is separated or isolated
Earth – The secure connection of electrical equipment or electrical equipment to the ground is called earth it is at zero level
Earth continuity conductor (ECC) – The conductor which is connected to the earth lead or to the parts of the installation which are to be earthed is called earth conductor
Earth current (EC) – The current which flows towards the earth is called earth current
Earth electrode – A metal plate pipe or other conductor connected to the electrical ground
Earth fault – When a live part of an electrical system is accidentally connected to the earth it is called an Earth fault
Functional insulation – Insulation required for proper functioning of equipment is called functional insulation this insulation provides primary protection against electric shock
Protective insulation – Additional separate insulation used to ensure protection against electric shock in case of functional insulation breakdown is called protective insulation
Leakage current – A different current path caused by insulation failure in the designated path for the current and the current flowing through this path is called leakage
Live – When there is a potential difference between an object and ground (earth) it is called live
*Plate earthing
*Pipe earthing
