1) SOIL TESTING
. A soil test can determine fertility, or the expected growth potential of the soil which indicates nutrient deficiencies, potential toxicities from excessive fertility and inhibitions from the presence of non-essential trace minerals. The test is used to mimic the function of roots to assimilate minerals.
Soil sampling is the process of taking a small sample of soil, which is then sent to a lab to determine the nutrient content. The soil can also be tested for the chemical, physical and biological properties, which are critical to plant nutrients
2) seed treatment
. MaturationVegetative growthTuber bulkingSprout Development
. 3) GOAT FARMING
Secure suitable land and construct the necessary infrastructure for the goat farm. Procure high-quality goat breeds from reputable suppliers. Implement proper nutrition, healthcare, and management practices for the goats. Market goat products to target customers through various channels.
4) MURGRASS
Chara’s thallus is multicellular, branched, and macroscopic, typically 20-30 cm tall but occasionally up to 90 cm to 1 m. Some species, like C. hatei, are 2-3 cm smaller. Resembling Equisetum, it’s nicknamed aquatic horsetail.
5) Cereal crops are grasses
Cereal crops are grasses that produce edible grains, such as wheat, rice, maize (corn), barley, oats, rye, and millet. These crops are a primary source of food, energy, and nutrients for humans and livestock.
Types of Cereal Crops
1. Wheat
One of the most widely grown cereal crops, used to make bread, pasta, and other baked goods.
2. Rice
A staple food for more than half of the world’s population, particularly in Asia.
3. Maize (Corn)
Used for food, animal feed, and biofuel production.
4. Barley
Used for animal feed, malt production, and human consumption.
5. Oats
Used for human consumption, animal feed, and other industrial applications.
6. Rye
Used for bread making, animal feed, and other industrial applications.
7. Millet
A small-grained cereal crop used for human consumption, animal feed, and other industrial
. 6) INSECT RECYCLE
. Mosquito
. Eggs , larva, poopa, adult
Definition of insect – insect , thorax, abdominal, ladu bag bitly insect in terms of crops
. fungi ,bacteria , virus , nimatos, insect .
. Tomato spotted most virus tobacco mosquito virus tomato yellow leaves current virus cucumber Moses virus .
. 7) MILK ADUDALSATION
. Dudh mein har jarurat man pura roop wale nutrients hote hain jaise calcium vitamins fat carbohydrate protein etc
. Melamine, for million ,castic ,soda urea , corn flour
. 8) SPRAYING PUMP
. Battery pump ka spare parts
. 1) motor 2) switch 3) handle 4) nozzle 5) 16 mm garden pipe. 6) charger sprayer and battery sprayer ,petrol sprayer , mist gun sprayer ,tractor mount sprayer pump ,agri drone sprayer pump ,hand sprayer pump
. 9) Bakra weight and temperature 🌡️
Aur teeth check karna .
. An adult female goat weighs between 25kgs to 35kgs, whereas an adult male goat ranges between 35kgs to 45kgs.
. 10) Feeding
. Types of feeding
. 1) Dicoats plants
2) monocoats plants
. 3) dry fodder
. 4) concentruled feed
. Dicoats plants
. When a plants seed are broken into two pieces is called Dicoats plants.
. Monocoats plants
. when when a plant seed can’t broken into two piece that is called monocot plants.
. Dry fodder
. When a plant seed are removed waste can dry and reuse is called dry fodder
. Concentruled feed
. When a food can easily digest is called concentruled feeds
. 11) Milk nikala ka ki padatha
Cows’ milk is a heterogeneous mixture of at least 20 proteins. Eighty percent of the total protein is casein proteins and 20% is whey proteins. Caseins are relatively heat-stable, whereas whey proteins are more labile. Casein can be fractionated into four major components: alpha, beta, kappa, and gamma casein
. 12) Costing coring
. Cost benifit ratio= production – investment
. Date. Kaam taparik. Hour. Kimat
. 6/10/24. Field preparation 1 hour. 1000
. 7/10/24. Soil testing. 150
. 8/10/24. Seed treatment. 4 gm. 10
. 8/10/24. Seed 100 kg. 3000
. 8/10/24. Plantation. 600
. 8/10/24. Fertilizer. 2030
. 11,12,13/10/24. weeding. 900÷600
18/10/24. 940.
Total. 9230
. 13) NUTRIENTS
. Primary — carbon,oxygen, hydrogen
. Main nutrients — nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
. Secondary nutrients — calcium,mangnestium, sulphur
. Micro nutrients — mangense,molybdnum, ferus, boron,cholorine,copper,zinc
. Fertilizer two types
. Orangic fertilizer ,chemical fertilizers
. 1) single fertilizer 2)mix fertilizer
. 1) single fertilizer
. Urea,single super phosphorus,murate of potesh
. Example
. 2.17 kg urea =1kg nitrogen
. 6.25 kg single super phosphate = phosphorus
. 6.89 kg murate of potesh= 1kg potassium
. 14) Poly house
A polyhouse is the most demanding kind of greenhouse with a structure made up of galvanised iron structure with covering material of UV stabilized polyfilm. This structure utilizes the feature of controlled climatic conditions for the proper growth of the plants in different season
. 15) Studying FCR
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is the ratio of inputs to outputs; it is the inverse of “feed efficiency” which is the ratio of outputs to inputs. FCR is widely used in hog and poultry production, while FE is used more commonly with cattle.
16) poultry farming
Poultry farming is the form of animal husbandry which raises domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese to produce meat or eggs for food.
. 17) drip irrigation
Drawing of a drip irrigation systemHere’s a simple drawing of a drip irrigation system:Components:Water Source (Pump/Tank)Filter (to prevent clogging)Pressure Regulator (to maintain pressure)Mainline (distribution pipe)Submain (smaller distribution pipe)Drip Tubing (with emitters)Emitters (drip points)End Cap (to seal the end of the drip tubing)Drip Irrigation System Diagram
. 18) Tissue culture
What is Tissue Culture? Tissue culture (TC) is the cultivation of plant cells, tissues, or organs on specially formulated nutrient media. Under the right conditions, an entire plant can be regenerated from a single cell. Plant tissue culture is a technique that has been around for more than 30 years.
Currently, many terms are used that can be encompassed by the term: organ culture, cell culture, primary explants, and ex vivo propagation all concern the in vitro cultivation of cells or tissues
. 19) Fogger
Three types of fogger
- One way fogger
- two way fogger
- four way fogger
. One way fogger
Two way fogger
Four way fogger
20) grafting
- Seed
- stem
- leaves
- roots
Grafting and budding are horticultural techniques used to join parts from two or more plants so that they appear to grow as a single plant. In grafting, the upper part (scion) of one plant grows on the root system (rootstock) of another plant.
Grafting is a method of asexual plant propagation that joins plant parts from different plants together so they will heal and grow as one plant. This technique is used to propagate plants that do not root well from cuttings, to utilize superior root systems, or to maintain clonal production.
. 22) photosynthesis
photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.
The process is called photosynthesis because plants use light, or photo, from the sun to make, or synthesize, their chemical food energy. As you already know, photosynthesis is the term for the process that plants use to make their food energy. They do this by converting sunlight into chemical energy.
. 23) Breed of chicken
Easter Egger. Easter Eggers are gentle, curious, active and friendly. …Rhode Island Red. Rhode Island Reds are calm, submissive and active. …Barred Rock. …Black Australorp. …Golden Sex Link. …Black Sex Link. …White Leghorn. …Buff Orpington.
He said the new chicken breeds are Noiler and Cobb 500, while the high-yield crops are wheat, barley, maize, caassava, rice Castor and conchorus. The technical sub-committee chaired by Prof. S. Ado during its 38th meeting on Tuesday deliberated on the 19 varieties received.
. 24) Weed control
Weed control is a type of pest control, which attempts to stop or reduce growth of weeds, especially noxious weeds, with the aim of reducing their competition with desired flora and fauna including domesticated plants and livestock, and in natural settings preventing non native species competing with native species.
Stress and Anxiety Reduction: Cannabis-infused chocolates, particularly those with higher CBD content, can help alleviate symptoms of stress and anxiety. CBD is known for its anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) properties without the intoxicating effects of THC.
. 25) measuring Dry matter
The produce is then dried in a dehydrator, oven or microwave until the moisture has fully evaporated. Next, the sample is weighed again to measure the dry weight. The following equation is then used to calculate the dry matter content: (Dry weight / wet weight) x 100 = percentage of dry matter.
Figure the dry matter percentage. Subtract the moisture content from 100%. In this example 100% – 75.9% = 24.1% dry matter.
The dry substance content (DS content), also called dry matter content, is the percentage of solids in a mixture of substances. The higher this proportion, the drier the mixture. The unit of DS content is [% by weight].
. 26) cereal Crops and grasses
There are a number of different types of grains found within the true cereal grains which are from the botanical family ‘Poaceae’ including wheat, oats, rice, corn (maize), barley, sorghum, rye, and millet.
The most popular cereal since 2004 is … Rice Krispies. Coming in at second is Cheerios, and in third place is Chex. After these top three, the list gets a lot sweeter, with more childhood favorites like Lucky Charms, Cinnamon Toast Crunch, and Fruit Loops making the top ten.
. 27) Hydroponic system
The most popular cereal since 2004 is … Rice Krispies. Coming in at second is Cheerios, and in third place is Chex. After these top three, the list gets a lot sweeter, with more childhood favorites like Lucky Charms, Cinnamon Toast Crunch, and F
Maize, wheat, rye and hay are some fodder crops. The waste material obtained after processing sugar beet is also used as animal feed
. 28) preparing a spray solution
Fill the spray tank with one-third of the carrier (water, fertilizer, or mix) to be used. …Add ammonium sulfate for glyphosate products.Always add compatibility agent before herbicides, if compatibility problems exist. …Use a defoamer if excessive foam is produced by the pesticide mixture.
Chemicals are sprayed to control pests and diseases on farms, around the home and in gardens, parks and reserves. When chemicals are used, droplets are produced that can remain suspended in air and may be carried by wind away from the target area.
29) creating a nursery
first step of creating nursery
when using grafting technique.we can make nursery
Step 1: Plan and PrepareBefore you start setting up the nursery, take some time to plan and prepare.
Here are a few things to consider: Choose a quiet and well-ventilated area with plenty of natural light.Set a budget for the nursery setup and equipment.
Think about the overall theme and style of the nursery.Measure the room to ensure that the furniture fits comfortably.
Step 2: Decor and Accessories Now it’s time to add some personality and style to the nursery:
Hang some beautiful wall art or decals to create a visually interesting space.Add some comfortable rugs and mats to the floor.
Install some curtains or blinds to control the light and create a cozy atmosphere. Bring in some plants or greenery to add a touch of nature to the space.
30) Figuring out a frost irrigation system
Components of a Frost Irrigation System
1. Water Source A reliable water source, such as a well or pond, is necessary to supply water to the system.
2. Pumps Pumps are used to pressurize the water and distribute it throughout the system.
3. Pipes and Fittings
A network of pipes and fittings is used to distribute water to the crops.
4. Sprinklers or Micro-Irrigation Sprinklers or micro-irrigation systems are used to apply water to the crops.
5. Control SystemA control system, such as a timer or sensor, is used to automate the system and ensure that water is applied only during frost events.
A Frost Irrigation System Works
1. Frost Detection The control system detects frost conditions, either through temperature sensors or other means.
2. Water
Application When frost is detected, the control system activates the pumps and water is applied to the crops through the sprinklers or micro-irrigation system.
3. Ice Formation
As the water is applied, it forms a layer of ice on the surface of the crops.
4. Heat
Release As the water freezes, it releases heat, which helps to protect the crops from damage.
1. Crop Protection
A frost irrigation system can help protect crops from frost damage, reducing crop loss and improving yields.
2. Water Conservation
By applying water only during frost events, a frost irrigation system can help conserve water.
3. Automated Operation
A frost irrigation system can be automated, reducing the need for manual intervention and minimize the risk of human error.
